RETINAL DETACHMENT

Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Retina is the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the inside of the eye and sends visual messages through the optic nerve to the brain. Retinal detachment is a serious problem that usually affects middle-aged or older people. Retinal detachment is caused by a combination of factors including retinal holes, retinal breaks or retinal tears, liquefaction of the vitreous humor , and mechanical forces on the retina , often referred to as "traction". It is the tissue that turns light INTO an electrical signal to send to the brain. The retina receives oxygen and nutrients from the underlying choroid (vascular layer) of the eye. Rays of light enter the eye and are focused onto the retina by the cornea and the lens. The retina is composed of two main parts; a central macular area and a much larger peripheral retina. Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from the choroid. Its job is to translate what we see into neural impulses and send them to the brain via the optic nerve .

Retinal detachment refers to separation of the inner layers of the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE, choroid). In some cases there may be small areas of the retina that are torn. It is a problem that occurs most frequently in the middle-aged and elderly. The retina is a thin disc-shaped layer of light-sensitive tissue on the back wall of the eye. The retina produces a picture which is sent along the optic nerve for the brain to interpret. If not promptly treated, retinal detachment can cause permanent vision loss. The retina is a thin sheet of light sensitive nerve tissue lining the inside of the eye. The detached retina should be recognized and treated promptly.

Causes of Retinal Detachment

Common causes and risk factor's of Retinal Detachment include the following :

• Eye injury.
  
• Diabetes.
  
• High level of nearsightedness.
  
• Sickle cell disease.
  
• Cataract surgery.

Symptoms of Retinal Detachment

Some common Symptoms of Retinal Detachment :

• Flashes of light.
  
• A sudden dramatic increase in the number of floaters.
  
• Blurred vision.
  
• A ring of floaters or hairs just to the temporal side of the central vision.
  
• Shadow or blindness in a part of the visual field of one eye
  
• Poor vision.
  
• Vision becomes blurry.

Treatment of Retinal Detachment

• In some cases a scleral buckle, a tiny synthetic band, is attached to the outside of the eyeball to gently push the wall of the eye against the detached retina.
  
• In rare cases where other types of retinal detachment surgeries are either inappropriate or unsuccessful, silicone oil may be used to reattach the retina.
  
• Retinal tears with minimal or no detachment may be treated with laser or freezing procedures. Some retinal tears do not require treatment.
  
• Pneumatic retinopexy is a newer method for retinal detachment repair. It is not suitable for all types of detachment.

RETINAL PIGMENTOSA

Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Retinitis pigmentosa causes the degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the retina. There are types of photoreceptor cells: rod cells and cone cells. The rate of decline varies depending on the genetic makeup of the disorder and also varies somewhat in individuals. A light is shone in the eye and the electroretinogram records electrical changes in the retina. They can occur in very young children causing a lifetime of blindness or rob the elderly of their precious independence. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare, inherited disease in which the light-sensitive retina of the eye slowly and progressively degenerates. The rods are located in the periphery of the retina and are responsible for peripheral and night vision.

RP causes the thin layer of tissue in the back of the eye, which is called the retina, to deteriorate. Photoreceptor cells capture and process light helping us to see. As these cells degenerate and die, patients experience progressive vision loss. In the progression of symptoms for RP, night blindness generally precedes tunnel vision by years or even decades.

These regions of the retina reflect the cell apoptosis by having decreased nuclei in the outer nuclear layer. An exam of the retina is done using an indirect ophthalmoscope, an instrument that enables the doctor to examine the different parts of the eye through a dilated pupil. An exam of the retina is done using an indirect ophthalmoscope, an instrument that enables the doctor to examine the different parts of the eye through a dilated pupil.

RP is a group of inherited disorders in which abnormalities of the photoreceptors ( rods and cones ) or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the retina lead to progressive visual loss. Histopathologic changes in RP have been well documented, and, more recently, specific histologic changes associated with certain gene mutations are being reported.

Causes of Retinitis Pigmentosa

There are various factors which give rise to the disease Retinitis Pigmentosa. RP may be caused by a breakdown in the function of the rods or the cones in some part of the retina. The retina is so complex that breakdowns may occur in a variety of ways and so RP is not a single disorder but a great number of disorders. The breakdown of cone function may be called Macular Degeneration. There are other disorders similar to RP like Gyrate Atrophy, Choroideremia etc. The common feature is the degeneration of the retina for one reason or another.

Symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa

Some of the common sign and symptoms of the diseaseRetinitis Pigmentosa are as follows:

• Vision decreased at night or in reduced lightl.
  
• Loss of peripheral vision.
  
• Loss of central vision.

Treatment of Retinitis Pigmentosa

Find effective treatment methods of treating Retinitis Pigmentosa :

• These photoreceptors developed and made the necessary neural connections to the animal's retinal nerve cells, a key step in the restoration of sight .
  
• Controversial studies have suggested that treatment with antioxidant agents may delay the disease from getting worse.
  
• There is no standard treatment for retinitis pigmentosa.
  
• A blood test must be taken to ascertain liver function and Vitamin A levels in the blood BEFORE taking this treatment.

Senior sex: Tips for older men

Sex and the older man: What you can do to maintain a healthy and enjoyable sex life as you grow older.

Getting older changes sexual function and desire. Senior sex isn't the same as it was in your 20s — but it can still be satisfying. Contrary to common myths about sexuality and older adults, sex is not just for the young. Many seniors continue to enjoy their sexuality into their 80s and beyond.

A healthy sex life is not only fulfilling — but also good for other aspects of your life, including your physical health and self-esteem. Adapting to your changing body can help you maintain a healthy and satisfying sex life. But you may have to make a few changes, such as allowing yourself more time to become aroused and talking more openly with your partner.

Senior sex: What changes as men get older?

As men age, testosterone levels decline and changes in desire and sexual function are common. They include:

• Decreased sexual interest
  
• A need for more stimulation to achieve and maintain an erection and orgasm
  
• Shorter orgasms
  
• Less forceful ejaculation and less semen ejaculated
  
• Longer time needed to achieve another erection after ejaculation

Your health also can have a big impact on your sex life and sexual performance. If you or your partner is in poor health or has a chronic health condition such as heart disease or arthritis, sex and intimacy become more challenging.

Certain surgeries and many medications such as blood pressure medications, antihistamines, antidepressants and acid-blocking drugs can affect sexual function. But just because you aren't as spry as you once were doesn't mean you can't enjoy a healthy sex life. You need to adapt to your changing body and know your limitations. Focus on ways of being sexual and intimate that work for you and your partner. Talk with your doctor about your concerns.

Tips to maintain a healthy sex life later in life:

• Communicate with your partner. Open discussion of sex has become much more common in the last 40 years, but many older adults come from a generation where sex remains a taboo subject. But openly talking about your needs, desires and concerns with your partner can make you closer and help you both enjoy sex and intimacy more.

• Talk to your doctor. Talking about sexual issues with your doctor can help you maintain a healthy sex life as you get older. Your doctor can help you manage chronic conditions and medications that affect your sex life. Many older men have trouble maintaining an erection or reaching orgasm. Your doctor may be able to prescribe medications or other treatments for these problems.

• Expand your definition of sex. Intercourse is only one way to have fulfilling sex. Touching, kissing and other intimate sexual contact may be just as rewarding for both you and your partner. Realize that as you age, it is normal for you and your partner to have different sexual abilities and needs. Be open to finding new ways to enjoy sexual contact and intimacy.

• Change your routine. Simple changes can improve your sex life. Change the time of day when you have sex to a time when you have the most energy. Try the morning — when you're refreshed from a good night's sleep — rather than at the end of a long day. Because it might take longer for you or your partner to become aroused, take more time to set the stage for romance, such as a romantic dinner or an evening of dancing. Try a new sexual position or explore other new ways of connecting romantically and sexually.

• Seek a partner if you're single. It is never too late for romance. It can be difficult starting a relationship after the loss of a spouse or being single for a long time — but socializing is well worth the effort for many single seniors. No one ever outgrows the need for emotional closeness and intimate love. If you start a relationship with a new partner, be sure to practice safe sex. Many older adults are unaware that they are still at risk of sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS

• Stay healthy. Eating regular nutritious meals, staying active, not drinking too much alcohol, and not smoking or using illegal drugs are important for your overall health — and it can help your sexual performance. Follow your doctor's instructions in taking medications and managing any chronic health conditions.

• Stay positive. The changes that come with aging — from health problems to changes in appearance and sexual performance — leave many men feeling less attractive or feeling they are less capable of enjoying or giving sexual pleasure. Discussing your feelings with your partner can help. Feeling angry, unhappy or depressed has a strong impact on your sex life. Professional counseling or other treatment can improve your sex life — and your well-being.

Sex may not be the same for you or your partner as it was when you were young. But by adapting to your changing body, sex and intimacy can continue to be a fulfilling and rewarding part of your life.

BROKEN BONES

Ever since Sir Isaac Newton figured out why apples fall down and not up, we've known the hard truths about gravity--and one of the hardest is that when you hit the ground, you can break a bone. With 206 bones in the human body, there's a lot of potential for breakage.

If you're on the mend from a fracture, there are some ways you can speed healing and make yourself more comfortable.

Butt out.

Smoking can delay the healing of bones--up to five months longer for serious fractures and less for minor breaks, says orthopedic surgeon George Cierny III, M.D., of Atlanta. He has shown experimentally that nicotine and other substances in cigarette smoke reduce the amount of oxygen reaching bone tissue, causing the delay in healing. So if you're a smoker, expect a longer-than- average healing time.

Watch what you drink.

It's still unknown what effect alcohol and caffeine have on healing, but researchers know that people who consume beverages containing these two substances are more likely to endure fractures. That's because caffeine and alcohol affect bone mass and interfere with calcium absorption, which builds stronger bones.

"In our study, there was an increased risk of getting fractures in those who drank more than four cups of coffee daily or about two glasses of alcohol--wine, beer or a highball," says Graham A. Colditz, M.D., a researcher at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

When to See the Doctor

The most important thing you should know about broken bones is that they require immediate medical attention. If you even suspect a fracture, have a doctor check it out. Otherwise, you may further damage the broken bone. There's also risk of infection and delayed healing.

Use Gravity to Stop Itchy Casts

Bothered by that annoying itch from inside a cast? Don't try to scratch it with a ruler, clothes hanger or other device--you' ll just get more itching from the tiny cuts caused by your scratching.

"Instead, simply elevate the fractured area so that it's above the level of your heart," suggests Philip Sanfilippo, D.P.M., a San Francisco podiatrist who specializes in sports injuries and treatment. "By doing that, you'll diminish blood flow to the area and reduce swelling. Often that's enough to relieve the itching."

RICE is nice.

On the first-aid front, most experts suggest some big chill-even after your doctor has treated you. The acronym RICE--rest, ice, compression and elevation-describes the best way to hasten healing and prevent further damage. If you have a minor fracture that's protected by an air cast or soft cast, your doctor might let you remove the cast now and then to apply ice directly.

"Put a bag of frozen vegetables on the fracture for about 20 minutes, then remove it for 10," suggests Steven Subotnick, D.P.M., a sports podiatrist in Hayward, California, and author of Sports and Exercise Injuries. "But make sure you put a washcloth between your skin and the ice bag to prevent an ice burn." Since you want to avoid pressure on the area, the cold compress should be applied lightly.

Even if you can't take off a soft cast, you can apply ice to the outside of the cast, and it will help chill the area underneath.

STUTTERING

We all get a kick out of watching Porky Pig's animated arsenal of sputters, misfires and f-f-f-false starts. But if you, your spouse or your child is among the millions of Americans whose speech is laden with hesitations, prolongations, repetitions and blockages, then you know firsthand that stuttering is not as amusing as a Looney Tunes cartoon.

About 4 percent of all children between the ages of two and seven will develop a stutter--but there will be far more boys than girls. Although most of the children who stutter will outgrow the problem by puberty, a small percentage (less than 1 percent) carry it into adulthood.

As yet, no one knows what causes stuttering, and there is no cure. "Our best guess is that it is due to a combination of psychological, neurological and genetic factors," says Barry Guitar, Ph.D., professor of communication science and disorders at the University of Vermont in Burlington. But they do know that it is habit forming and is usually related to stress, according to Martin F. Schwartz, Ph.D., executive director of the National Center for Stuttering in New York City.

When a child is learning, to speak, or when an adult has to speak in stressful situations (before a large audience, for instance), that stress focuses tension on the vocal cords, closing and locking them. The person struggles to speak but can't do so easily: The struggle becomes a stutter. "If the vocal cords can be kept open and relaxed, however, the stuttering can be stopped immediately, " says Dr. Schwartz.

If you or your child does stutter, try these techniques.

Pause a second.

If you're stuttering, maybe it's because you're trying to speak as fast as or faster than others--and you just don't need to. "Slow down to a normal rate and set your own relaxed pace," says Edward G. Conture, Ph.D., chairman of the Program of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. "When someone asks you a question, pause one to two seconds before responding, then answer at a rate that is comfortable for you."

Nip stutter starters in the bud.

The moment before a stutter begins, you may grimace, twist your face or purse your lips without being conscious of these movements. R. Gregory Nunn, Ph.D., a clinical psychologist and president of R. G. Nunn and Associates, a private clinic in San Diego, suggests using competing behaviors when you feel these stuttering precursors come on.

When muscles tense up, for instance, let your arms, shoulders, chest and stomach slump and relax. If your lips are pursed, open them slightly. Or loosen your tight throat by letting out a little air through your mouth before saying just one word per breath, gradually increasing the number until you feel comfortable.

Record your stuttering.

Keep a personal log of all your stuttering episodes, noting what takes place prior to and during the stutter, says Dr. Nunn. "When you become aware of situations and behaviors that contribute to your stuttering, you can catch them in advance and prevent stuttering before it starts." If you always stutter on the phone, for instance, be prepared to use some competing behavior techniques even before you dial.

Practice natural breathing.

"A stutterer tries to superimpose speech over short, rapid, uneven breaths or speak while holding his breath," explains Dr. Nunn. "We want him to get used to natural speech breathing." Take a relaxed breath through the mouth, filling your lungs with a comfortable amount of air, and let it out slowly and easily, producing a deep, hollow sound. Practice this breathing pattern daily. Then try to maintain the deep breathing while you speak, letting the words come out easily as the smooth, even breath is being exhaled.

Synchronize your airflow.

Dr. Schwartz recommends the following method to take tension off the vocal cords. First relax. Take a short, easy breath through your mouth. just before speaking, let the air flow passively through your mouth, opening up the locked cords. Slow the first word a bit, easing into the first syllable, gliding to the next. Then proceed at a comfortable pace. Do this with each sentence, stopping and starting at natural pause points. Stuttering should stop right away. Practice this technique for 15 minutes three times a day, and try to integrate it into all your conversation. Four months of daily practice should make this behavior a habit.

Nix cola and coffee.

Caffeine, sugar and other stimulants encourage muscle and vocal tension, says Dr. Schwartz. They should be eliminated or greatly reduced.

When to See the Doctor

How do you know whether to help a stuttering child at home or to see a speech specialist? Martin F. Schwartz, Ph.D., executive director of the National Center for Stuttering in New York City, provides these guidelines.

If you are the parent of a child who stutters and someone in the immediate family also stutters, there's a chance your child's habit may continue into adulthood. Note whether there's a lot of struggling with words or at midsentence and also whether the stutter occurs every day and the child reacts by acting unhappy or refusing to speak. When stuttering is this persistent, you should definitely go to a speech specialist.

By adulthood, the habit is ingrained, and a good bit of one-on-one counseling may be needed to overcome it. The help of a licensed speech therapist may be necessary before you can change the habit.

Also, if stuttering should develop for the first time in adulthood or very suddenly in an older, normally fluent child, it may be the result of a neurological condition, a head injury or an event that has been very upsetting. See a doctor immediately.

Skip the sweets.

Sugar reduction alone has completely eliminated stuttering in some children, says Dr. Schwartz. You may observe rapid improvement in your child's speech simply by decreasing his consumption of cakes, cookies, candy and soda.

Set the pace.

"When kids try to speak as fast as or faster than adults, they often stutter," says Dr. Conture. "If you speak slowly and evenly to your child, he'll soon get the picture and slow down naturally." Other pacemaking tips from Dr. Conture: Pause one to two seconds before responding to your child's questions. Try not to finish the child's sentences, talk over him or interrupt. And don't tell him to speak slowly while you proceed rapidly.

Take a listening break.

A fast-paced, hectic environment where it is difficult to speak and be heard may increase stuttering in children, says Dr. Conture. When talking with a child who stutters, turn off the TV and radio as often as possible, or keep the volume low, so the child doesn't have to verbally compete with background talking. It's ideal if you can set aside time for family discussions and then give everyone a chance to speak in turn without undue interruption. And if your child talks to you while you are doing things that require your concentration, take a time-out. "Assure him you are listening and then do listen," says Dr. Conture.

HEART FAILURE

Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors, Tests and diagnosis, Complications, Treatments and drugs, Prevention, Lifestyle and home remedies and Coping and Support for Heart Failure

Definition

Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), means your heart can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. Over time, conditions such as coronary artery disease or high blood pressure gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently.

You can't reverse many conditions that lead to heart failure, but heart failure can often be treated with good results. Medications can improve the signs and symptoms of heart failure and lead to improved survival. Lifestyle changes, such as exercising, reducing salt intake, managing stress, treating depression, and especially losing excess weight, also can help prevent fluid buildup and improve your quality of life.

The best way to prevent heart failure is to control risk factors and aggressively manage any underlying conditions such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or obesity.

Symptoms

Heart failure typically develops slowly and is a chronic, long-term condition, although you may experience a sudden onset of symptoms, known as acute heart failure. The term "congestive heart failure" comes from blood backing up into — or congesting — the liver, abdomen, lower extremities and lungs.

Some of the signs and symptoms for chronic and acute heart failure are:

Type of heart failure	Signs and symptoms
Chronic heart failure (A long-term condition with signs and symptoms that persist.)	Fatigue and weakness Rapid or irregular heartbeat Shortness of breath (dyspnea) when you exert yourself or when you lie down Reduced ability to exercise Persistent cough or wheezing with white or pink blood-tinged phlegm Swelling (edema) in your legs, ankles and feet Swelling of your abdomen (ascites) Sudden weight gain from fluid retention Lack of appetite and nausea Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness
Acute heart failure (An emergency situation that occurs when something suddenly affects your heart's ability to function.)	Signs and symptoms similar to those of chronic heart failure but more severe, and start or worsen suddenly Sudden fluid buildup Rapid or irregular heartbeat with palpitations that may cause the heart to stop beating Sudden, severe shortness of breath and coughing up pink, foamy mucus Chest pain if caused by a heart attack

In addition to characterizing whether your condition is chronic or acute, your doctor will need to know whether your heart fails to pump, or fills with blood, or a combination of both. Heart failure can involve the left side, right side or both sides of your heart. Typically, heart failure begins with the left side — specifically the left ventricle, your heart's main pumping chamber.

Part of your heart affected by heart failure	Description
Left-sided heart failure	Most common form of heart failure. Fluid and blood may back up in your lungs, causing shortness of breath.
Right-sided heart failure	Often occurs with left-sided heart failure. Fluid and blood may back up into your abdomen, legs and feet, causing swelling.
Systolic heart failure	The left ventricle can't contract vigorously, indicating a pumping problem.
Diastolic heart failure (also called heart failure with normal ejection fraction)	The left ventricle can't relax or fill fully, indicating a filling problem.

While systolic heart failure was once thought to be more common and less serious, recent studies have shown this to be incorrect. Isolated diastolic heart failure, now also termed "heart failure with normal ejection fraction," is just as common as systolic heart failure and has a similar prognosis. Identifying the type of heart failure, whether systolic, diastolic, or a combination, is important because the drug treatments for each type may

Causes

Heart failure often develops after other conditions have damaged or weakened your heart. Over time, the heart can no longer keep up with the normal demands placed on it. The ventricles may become stiff and not fill properly between beats. Also, the heart muscle may weaken, and the ventricles stretch (dilate) to the point that the heart can't pump blood efficiently throughout your body.

Any of the following conditions can cause heart failure, which can damage or weaken your heart over time. Some of these can be present without knowing it:

• Coronary artery disease and heart attack. Coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease and the most common cause of heart failure. Over time, arteries that supply blood to your heart muscle narrow from a buildup of fatty deposits, a process called atherosclerosis. Blood moves slowly through narrowed arteries, leaving some areas of your heart muscle weak and chronically deprived of oxygen-rich blood. In many cases, the blood flow to the muscle is just enough to keep the muscle alive but not functioning well. A heart attack occurs if plaque formed by the fatty deposits in your arteries ruptures. This causes a blood clot to completely block blood flow to an area of the heart muscle, weakening the heart's pumping ability.

• High blood pressure (hypertension) . Blood pressure is the force of blood pumped by your heart through your arteries. If your blood pressure is high, your heart has to work harder than it should to circulate blood throughout your body. Over time, the heart muscle may become thicker to compensate for the extra work it must perform, enlarging the heart. Eventually, your heart muscle may become either too stiff or too weak to effectively pump blood.

• Faulty heart valves. The four valves of your heart keep blood flowing in the proper direction through the heart. A damaged valve forces your heart to work harder to keep blood flowing as it should. Over time, this extra work can weaken your heart. Faulty heart valves, however, can be fixed if detected in time.

• Damage to the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) . Some of the many causes of heart muscle damage, also called cardiomyopathy, include infections, alcohol abuse, and the toxic effect of drugs such as cocaine or some drugs used for chemotherapy. In addition, whole-body diseases, such as lupus, or thyroid problems also can damage heart muscle. If a specific cause can't be found, it's referred to as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

• Myocarditis. Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. It's most commonly caused by a virus and can lead to left-sided heart failure.

• Heart defects present at birth (congenital heart defects). If your heart and its chambers or valves haven't formed correctly, the healthy parts of your heart have to work harder to compensate. Genetic defects contribute to the risk of certain types of heart disease, which in turn may lead to heart failure.

• Abnormal heart rhythms (heart arrhythmias) . Abnormal heart rhythms may cause your heart to beat too fast. This creates extra work for your heart. Over time, your heart may weaken leading to heart failure. A slow heartbeat may prevent your heart from getting enough blood out to the body and may also lead to heart failure.

• Other diseases. Chronic diseases such as diabetes, severe anemia, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, emphysema, lupus, hemochromatosis and amyloidosis also may contribute to heart failure. Causes of acute heart failure include viruses that attack the heart muscle, severe infections, allergic reactions, blood clots in the lungs, the use of certain medications or any illness that affects the whole body.

Risk factors

A single risk factor may be enough to cause heart failure, but a combination of factors increases your risk.

Risk factors include:

• High blood pressure. Your heart works harder than it has to if your blood pressure is high.

• Coronary artery disease. Narrowed arteries may limit your heart's supply of oxygen-rich blood, resulting in weakened heart muscle.

• Heart attack. Damage to your heart muscle from a heart attack may mean your heart can no longer pump as well as it should.

• Irregular heartbeats. These abnormal rhythms can create extra work for your heart, weakening the heart muscle.

• Diabetes. Having diabetes increases your risk of high blood pressure and coronary artery disease.

• Some diabetes medications. The diabetes drugs rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (Actos) have been found to increase the risk of heart failure. Don't stop taking these medications on your own, though. If you're taking them, discuss with your doctor whether you need to make any changes.

• Sleep apnea. The inability to breathe properly at night results in low blood oxygen levels and increased risk of abnormal heart rhythms. Both of these problems can weaken the heart.

• Congenital heart defects. Some people who develop heart failure were born with structural heart defects.
  

• Viruses. A viral infection may have damaged your heart muscle.

• Alcohol use. Alcohol can weaken heart muscle and lead to heart failure.

• Kidney conditions. These can contribute to heart failure because many can lead to high blood pressure and fluid retention.

When to seek medical advice

See your doctor if you experience any of the signs or symptoms associated with heart failure. These include:

• Fatigue and weakness
  
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
  
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea) when you exert yourself or when you lie down
  
• Reduced ability to exercise
  
• Persistent cough or wheezing with white or pink blood-tinged phlegm
  
• Swelling in your abdomen, legs, ankles and feet
  
• Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness

You may first find out you have heart failure from an emergency room visit after worsening signs and symptoms. Other heart and lung problems can cause signs and symptoms that are similar to heart failure.

If you have a diagnosis of heart failure, and if any of the signs or symptoms suddenly become worse or you develop a new sign or symptom, it may mean that existing heart failure is getting worse or not responding to treatment. Contact your doctor promptly.

Tests and diagnosis

To diagnose heart failure, your doctor will take a careful medical history and perform a physical examination. Your doctor will also check for the presence of risk factors such as high blood pressure. Using a stethoscope, your doctor can listen to your lungs for signs of congestion. The stethoscope also picks up abnormal heart sounds that may suggest heart failure. After the physical exam, your doctor may do blood tests and a chest X-ray followed by an echocardiogram.

• Blood tests. Your doctor may take a sample of your blood to check your kidney and thyroid function and to look for indicators of other diseases that affect the heart. In addition, your doctor may check your blood for specific chemical markers of heart failure, such as a hormone called brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Although first identified in the brain, BNP is secreted by the heart at high levels when it's injured or overworked.

• Chest X-ray. X-ray images help your doctor see the condition of your lungs and heart. In heart failure, your heart may appear enlarged and fluid buildup may be visible in your lungs. Your doctor can also use an X-ray to diagnose conditions other than heart failure that may explain your signs and symptoms.

• Electrocardiogram (ECG). This test records the electrical activity of your heart through electrodes attached to your skin. Impulses are recorded as waves and displayed on a monitor or printed on paper. This test helps your doctor diagnose heart rhythm problems and damage to your heart from a heart attack that may be underlying heart failure.

• Echocardiogram. An important test for diagnosing and monitoring heart failure is the echocardiogram. An echocardiogram also helps distinguish systolic heart failure from diastolic heart failure, in which the heart is stiff and can't fill properly. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce a video image of your heart. This image can help doctors determine how well your heart is pumping by measuring the percentage of blood pumped out of your heart's main pumping chamber (the left ventricle) with each heartbeat. This measurement is called the ejection fraction.
  

• Ejection fraction. Your ejection fraction is measured during an echocardiogram. An ejection fraction is an important measurement of how well your heart is pumping and is used to help classify heart failure and guide treatment. In a healthy heart, the ejection fraction is about 60 percent — meaning 60 percent of the blood that fills the ventricle is pumped out with each beat. Other imaging tests may be used to measure ejection fraction, including cardiac catheterization, multiple gated acquisition (MUGA) scanning of the heart, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT).

Other tests

In addition to the physical examination, blood tests, chest X-ray and echocardiogram, your doctor may recommend one or more tests to help diagnose heart failure, determine its underlying cause and guide treatment decisions. You may have tests such as:

• Stress test. You may have one of a variety of stress tests either using an exercise bike or treadmill or medications that stress the heart. In some stress tests, pictures are taken of your heart with either nuclear medicine or echocardiographic techniques to try and determine if you have blockages in your heart arteries as a cause for your heart failure. You may also have an oxygen uptake stress test which helps your doctor know how well your body is compensating for your condition.

• Cardiac CT or MRI scan. These tests are now being used with increased frequency for people with heart failure, not only to measure ejection fraction but to check the heart arteries and valves, determine if you have had a heart attack, and look for unusual causes of heart failure.

• Coronary catheterization (angiogram). In this test, a thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel at your groin or arm and guided through the aorta into your coronary arteries. A dye injected through the catheter makes the arteries supplying your heart visible on an X-ray. This test helps doctors identify narrowed arteries to your heart (coronary artery disease) that can be a cause of heart failure. The test may include a ventriculogram — a procedure to determine the strength of the left ventricle (the heart's main pumping chamber) and the health of the heart valves.

Classifying heart failure

Results of these tests help doctors determine the cause of your signs and symptoms and develop a program to treat your heart. To determine the best course of treatment, doctors may classify heart failure using two scales:

• New York Heart Association scale. This scale classifies heart failure in categories from one to four. In Class I heart failure, the mildest form, you can perform everyday activities and not feel winded or fatigued. Class IV is the most severe, and you're short of breath even at rest.

• American College of Cardiology scale. This newer classification system uses letters A to D. The system includes a category for people who are at risk of developing heart failure. For example, a person who has several risk factors for heart failure is Stage A, but a person with end-stage heart failure requiring hospice care is Stage D. Doctors use this classification system to identify your risk factors and begin early, more aggressive treatment to help prevent or delay heart failure.

Ask your doctor about your score if you're interested in determining the severity of your heart failure. Your doctor can help you interpret your score and plan your treatment based on your condition.

Complications

In systolic heart failure, your heart pumps with less force. To make up for the weak pumping, your ventricle enlarges in an attempt to stretch and contract with more strength, allowing it to pump more blood. This can initially stabilize the situation but, eventually the more the heart dilates, the more inefficient it becomes. The heart muscle may thicken to help increase pumping strength. More muscle means the heart needs more blood, and your coronary arteries may not be able to supply it. Your heart may also beat faster in an attempt to pump more often. In addition, levels of heart-stimulating hormones go up.

At first, these means of compensating help a weakened heart pump harder. However, eventually these changes make matters worse by weakening your heart muscle.

If you have heart failure, your outlook depends on the cause and the severity, overall health and other factors such as age. Many people's symptoms and heart function will improve with proper treatment. However, heart failure can be life-threatening. It can lead to sudden death. People with severe heart failure have debilitating symptoms, and some may require heart transplantation or support with an artificial heart device.

Treatments and drugs

Heart failure is a chronic disease needing lifelong management. However, with treatment, a failing heart can become stronger and signs and symptoms of heart failure can improve. Doctors sometimes can correct heart failure by treating the underlying cause. For example, repairing a heart valve or controlling a fast heart rhythm may reverse heart failure. But for most people, the treatment of heart failure involves a balance of the right medications, and in some cases, devices that help the heart beat properly.

Medications

Doctors usually treat heart failure with a combination of medications. Depending on your symptoms, you might take one, two or more of these drugs. Several types of drugs have proved useful in the treatment of heart failure. They include:

• Angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. These drugs help people with heart failure live longer and feel better. ACE inhibitors are a type of vasodilator, a drug that widens or dilates blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improve blood flow and decrease the workload on the heart. Examples include enalapril (Vasotec), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) and captopril (Capoten). ACE inhibitors also blunt some of the effects of hormones that promote salt and water retention. ACE inhibitors can cause an irritating cough in some people. It may be best to put up with the cough, if you can, to gain the medication's benefits. But be sure to discuss this with your doctor. Switching to another ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) may relieve the problem.

• Angiotensin II (A-II) receptor blockers (ARBs). These drugs, which include losartan (Cozaar) and valsartan (Diovan), have many of the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors, but they don't cause a persistent cough. They may be an alternative for people who can't tolerate ACE inhibitors.

• Digoxin (Lanoxin). This drug, also referred to as digitalis, increases the strength of your heart muscle contractions. It also tends to slow the heartbeat. Digoxin reduces heart failure symptoms and improves your ability to live with the condition.

• Beta blockers. This class of drug slows your heart rate and reduces blood pressure. Examples include carvedilol (Coreg), metoprolol (Lopressor) and bisoprolol (Zebeta). These medicines also reduce the risk of some abnormal heart rhythms. Beta blockers may reduce signs and symptoms of heart failure and improve heart function.

• Diuretics. Often called water pills, diuretics make you urinate more frequently and keep fluid from collecting in your body. Commonly prescribed diuretics for heart failure include bumetanide (Bumex) and furosemide (Lasix). The drugs also decrease fluid in your lungs, so you can breathe more easily. Because diuretics make your body lose potassium and magnesium, your doctor may also prescribe supplements of these minerals. If you're taking a diuretic, your doctor will likely monitor levels of potassium and magnesium in your blood through regular blood tests.

• Aldosterone antagonists. These drugs include spironolactone (Aldactone) and eplerenone (Inspra). They're primarily potassium-sparing diuretics, but they have additional properties that help the heart work better, may reverse scarring of the heart and may help people with severe heart failure live longer. Unlike some other diuretics, spironolactone can raise the level of potassium in your blood to dangerous levels.
  

A medication called BiDil is a single pill that combines hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate — both of which dilate and relax the blood vessels. BiDil increases survival when added to standard therapy in black people with advanced heart failure. This is the first drug studied and approved for a specific racial group. Further studies will be necessary to determine if this combination medicine will be helpful for others with heart failure.

You'll probably need to take two or more medications to treat heart failure. Your doctor may prescribe other heart medications as well — such as nitrates for chest pain, a statin to lower cholesterol or blood-thinning medications to help prevent blood clots - along with heart failure medications.

You may be hospitalized for a few days if you have a flare-up of heart failure symptoms. While in the hospital, you may receive additional medications to help your heart pump better and relieve your symptoms. You may also receive supplemental oxygen through a mask or small tubes placed in your nose. If you have severe heart failure, you may need to use supplemental oxygen long term.

Surgery and medical devices

In some cases, doctors recommend surgery to treat the underlying problem that led to heart failure. For example, a damaged heart valve may be repaired or, if necessary, replaced with a new one. Doctors recommend coronary bypass surgery to treat severely narrowed coronary arteries that are contributing to heart failure.

Researchers continue to search for new and better ways to treat heart failure. Some treatments being studied and used in certain people include:

• Implantable cardioverter- defibrillators (ICDs). An ICD is a device implanted under the skin and attached to the heart with small wires. The ICD monitors the heart rhythm. If the heart starts beating at a dangerous rhythm, the ICD shocks it back into normal rhythm. Sometimes a biventricular pacemaker is combined with an ICD for people with severe heart failure.

• Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) or biventricular pacing. A biventricular pacemaker sends timed electrical impulses to both of the heart's lower chambers (the left and right ventricles), so that they pump in synchrony and in a more efficient, coordinated manner. As many as half the people with heart failure have abnormalities in their heart's electrical system that cause their already-weak heart muscle to beat in an uncoordinated fashion. This inefficient muscle contraction wastes the heart's limited energy and may cause heart failure to worsen. Sometimes a biventricular pacemaker is combined with an ICD for people at greatest risk of rhythm problems.

• Heart pumps. These mechanical devices, called left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), are implanted into the abdomen and attached to a weakened heart to help it pump. Doctors first used heart pumps to help keep heart transplant candidates alive while they waited for a donor heart. LVADs are now being considered as an alternative to transplantation. Implanted heart pumps can significantly extend and improve the lives of some people with end-stage heart failure who aren't eligible for or able to undergo heart transplantation or are waiting for a new heart.

Some people have such severe heart failure that surgery or medications don't help. They may need to have their diseased heart replaced with a healthy donor heart. Heart transplants have dramatically improved the survival and quality of life of people with severe heart failure. However, candidates for transplantation often have to wait years before a suitable donor heart is found. Some transplant candidates improve during this waiting period through drug treatment or device therapy and can be removed from the transplant waiting list.

Experimental treatments

• Cardiac wrap surgery. Researchers are studying a technique that wraps a failing heart in a mesh bag, helping to prevent further failure. A surgeon pulls the mesh wrap over the base of the heart and attaches it with stitches. The goal is to prevent a weakened heart from enlarging (dilating) and failing further. Studies are ongoing.

• Ventricular restoration surgery. This surgery is being used experimentally to treat some people with heart failure caused by a heart attack. During the surgery, doctors remove scar tissue in the ventricular muscle caused by a heart attack and reshape the remaining healthy tissue to restore a more normal elliptical left ventricle shape. Reducing the size of and reshaping the left ventricle help restore normal function to the pumping mechanism.

• Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP). This noninvasive technique has been used as a treatment for heart-related chest pain, and researchers are studying this treatment to see if it's beneficial for people with heart failure. Inflatable pressure cuffs are placed on the calves, thighs and buttocks. These cuffs are inflated and deflated in sync with your heartbeat. The theory is that EECP increases blood flow back to the heart.

Prevention

The key to preventing heart failure is to reduce your risk factors. You can control or eliminate many of the risk factors for heart disease — high blood pressure and coronary artery disease, for example — by making lifestyle changes along with the help of any needed medications.

Lifestyle and home remedies

Making lifestyle changes can often help relieve signs and symptoms of heart failure and prevent the disease from worsening. These changes may be among the most important and beneficial you can make:

• Stop smoking. Smoking damages your blood vessels, reduces the amount of oxygen in your blood and makes your heart beat faster. If you smoke, ask your doctor to recommend a program to help you quit. You can't be considered for a heart transplant if you continue to smoke.

• Weigh yourself daily. Do this each morning after you've urinated, but before you've had breakfast. Notify your doctor if you have a weight gain of 3 or more pounds in a day. It may mean that you're retaining fluids and need a change in your treatment plan. Record your weight every morning and bring the record with you to your doctor's visits.

• Restrict sodium. Sodium is a component of salt. Too much sodium contributes to water retention, which makes your heart work harder and causes shortness of breath and swollen legs, ankles and feet. For people with heart failure, the recommended sodium intake is no more than 2,000 milligrams a day. Keep in mind that most of this salt is already added to prepared foods, and be careful when using salt substitutes. Some substitutes or "lite" salts contain a mixture of salt and other compounds. To get that familiar salty taste, you may use too much of the substitute and actually not reduce your sodium intake. In addition, many salt substitutes contain potassium chloride. Too much potassium can be harmful if you have kidney problems or if you're taking certain medications for treatment of heart failure. A dietitian can help you outline a healthy, low-salt diet, but it's up to you to stick to it without exception.

• Maintain a healthy weight. If you're overweight, your dietitian will help you work toward your ideal weight.

• Limit fats and cholesterol. In addition to avoiding high-sodium foods, limit your intake of saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol. A diet high in fat and cholesterol is a risk factor for coronary artery disease, which often underlies or contributes to heart failure.

• Limit alcohol and fluids. Excessive use of alcohol can directly weaken your heart muscle or increase your risk of abnormal heart rhythms that may worsen existing heart failure. Alcohol may also interact with some medications used to treat heart conditions. Your doctor likely will advise you to abstain from alcohol if you have heart failure. If you have severe heart failure, your doctor may also suggest you limit your total intake of fluids.

• Exercise. Exercise was once forbidden for people with heart failure. But, moderate exercise helps keep the rest of your body healthy and conditioned, reducing the demands on your heart muscle. Before you start exercising though, talk to your doctor about an exercise program that's right for you. Your doctor may suggest a walking program. Check with your local hospital to see if it offers a cardiac rehabilitation program; if it does, talk to your doctor about enrolling in the program.

• Reduce stress. When you're anxious or upset, your heart beats faster and you breathe more heavily. This can make heart failure worse, since your heart is already having trouble meeting the body's demands. Find ways to reduce stress in your life. To give your heart a rest, try napping or putting your feet up when possible.

• Sleep easy. If you're having shortness of breath, especially at night, sleep with your head propped up at a 45-degree angle using a pillow or a wedge. If you snore or have had other symptoms of disordered sleep, make sure you get tested for sleep apnea.

Coping and support

Often people with congestive heart failure complain that they wake up tired because lying flat makes it harder to breathe, and their sleep is interrupted because of excess fluid or medications that increase the need to urinate.

To improve your sleep at night, prop up your head with pillows and avoid big meals right before bedtime. Also, discuss with your doctor changing the time for taking medications, especially diuretics. Taking diuretics earlier in the day may keep you from having to urinate as often during the night.

Although many cases of heart failure can't be reversed, treatment can usually improve symptoms and help you live longer. You and your doctor can work together to help make your life more comfortable. Pay attention to your body and how you feel, and tell your doctor when you're feeling better or feeling worse. This way, your doctor will know what treatment works best for you.

Don't be afraid to ask your doctor questions about living with heart failure. These steps can help you work most effectively with your doctor:

• Keep track of the medications you take. Make a list and share it with any new doctors treating you. Carry the list with you all the time.

• Keep track of your weight and bring the record to visits with your doctor. An increase in weight can be a sign you're accumulating fluid. Your doctor may instruct you to take extra diuretics if your weight has increased more than a pound or so in a day.

• Keep track of your blood pressure. Consider purchasing a high-quality home blood pressure monitor. Keep track of your blood pressure between doctor appointments and bring the record with you to visits.

• Write down your questions. Before a doctor appointment, prepare a list of any questions or concerns. For example, is it safe for you and your partner to have sex? Most people with heart failure can continue sexual activity once symptoms are under control.

• Ask for clarification. Make sure you understand what your doctor is saying.
  

Managing heart failure requires an open dialogue between you and your doctor. Be honest about whether you're following recommendations concerning your diet, lifestyle and taking medications. Your doctor often can suggest strategies to help you get and stay on track.

DARK CIRCLES UNDER THE EYES

DARK CIRCLES UNDER THE EYES

Dark circles under the eyes tell us about the health of an individual. They are produced due to overstrain, after an illness or an allergy. They can also be the result of undernourishment. But these dark circles do not produce any harm to the body. So anybody with dark circles should not worry about them. In fact, sometimes they're not even an indication of physical problems.

Dark circles can be aggravated by fatigue, allergies, overexposure to the sun, menstruation or pregnancy. But they're usually hereditary; if your parents have them, there are more chances that you do, too have them.

Dark circles are the result of the engorged blood vessels under your eyes. Because the skin under eyes is thinner than skin anywhere else on body, therefore blood vessels there are more noticeable, especially in fair skinned persons. Usually, dark circles are caused by hyper pigmentation of melanin, the substance that gives color to the skin.

In western countries, the kidneys are related to the adrenal glands and with stress levels in life being so high; these glands are very often exhausted. When these glands are weakened, allergies are prevalent.. Dark circles under the eyes are known to be a classic symptom of an allergy, together other signs including edema and fatigue.

Dark circles under eyes may also be due to aging which thins the skin around the eyes. Eight hours of sleep is essential. Do not leave cream on the skin around the eyes for long periods. Circles under the eyes can worsen in people who smoke or suffer from allergies.

HOME REMEDIES FOR DARK CIRCLES UNDER THE EYES

• Apply a cold compress this will help to constrict blood vessels and turns tissue white, and dark circles will lighten.
• Drink at least eight to ten glasses of water everyday. Put slices of raw potatoes or cucumber by closing eyes over the eyelids for 15-20 minutes. Wash with warm water and apply a cream.
• Take out the juice of the cucumber. Prepare a mixture of lemon juice, lanolin cream and cucumber juice and apply around the eye for 10-15 minutes.
• Prepare a mixture by adding equal quantity of potato and cucumber juices. Dip a cotton swab in this mixture and put the cotton on eyelids and keep for 20 minutes. Wash your eyes with cold water.
• Prepare a mixture of lemon and tomato juice (equal parts) and apply it on the black circles 2 times a day.
• Make a paste of turmeric powder with pineapple juice for dark circles under the eyes..
• Apply crushed mint around the eye.
• Another home remedy for dark circles under the eyes is - massage with almond oil under and around eyes at bedtime daily for 2 weeks. Almond helps to remove dark circles.
• No cream should be left on the skin around the eyes for long periods..
• Rub the area with a powdered Vitamin E capsule and wash off with a mixture of honey and egg white.
• Put hot and cold clothes alternatively under eyes for 10 minutes. Then apply some almond oil on the dark circles before going to bed.
• The acupressure point for eyes is on the mount below the index finger of your palms. Pressing this mount may help.
• Dip some carrot leave in hot water and leave for a few minutes. Drink the liquid 3 times a day before meals.
• Dip cotton balls in rose water or cold water and keep under the eyes for 10 minutes.
• Make a paste of 1 tsp. tomato juice, 1/2 tsp. lemon juice, a pinch of turmeric powder, and 1 tsp. of flour. Apply around eyes. Leave on for 10 minutes before washing. This is an effective home remedy for dark circle treatment.
• Take some freezed parsley. Use the parsley cubes instead of eye creams to reduce the dark circles and puffiness. Parsley is packed with chlorophyll which helps fade darkness, while the ice cubes reduce the swelling.
• Takes vasoline, put it on a metal spoon and freeze it for 15 minutes. Then apply it to the eyes for a few minutes.
• Add some mint leaves, lemon juice, and salt to tomato juice and drink.
  
• Grate some cucumber and freeze in an ice tray. Massage frozen cucumber cubes onto eyes to reduce puffiness and dark circles.
  
• Avoid excess of chocolates and try to take more fibres in the diet.
  
• To prevent dark circles take 2 magnesium tablets per day, especially if you're taking calcium.
• Use a sunscreen especially made for the face with a sun protection factor (SPF) to keep the sun's rays from darkening the skin under your eyes
• Eat vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin A for the treatment of dark circles under eyes.

KAWASAKI DISEASE

Symptoms, Causes, Tests and diagnosis & Coping and Support

Definition

Kawasaki disease is a condition that causes inflammation in the walls of small- and medium-sized arteries throughout the body, including the coronary arteries. It mostly affects children from ages 2 to 5. Identified by a Japanese doctor, Tomisaku Kawasaki, in 1967, Kawasaki disease is also called mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome because it also affects lymph nodes, skin and the mucous membranes inside the mouth, nose and throat.

Kawasaki disease occurs more often in boys than girls, and most commonly in children of Japanese or Korean descent, although any child can get it. It can cause serious complications of the heart and the blood vessels that supply the heart. Some of the complications of Kawasaki disease may be life-threatening.

The condition is not preventable, but it's treatable in most cases. Most children recover from Kawasaki disease without serious problems.

Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of Kawasaki disease appear in phases.

First phase

The first phase begins with a fever, which often is higher than 104 F (40 C), spikes and remits, and lasts one to two weeks. Your doctor may suspect Kawasaki disease if the fever lasts for five or more days, and your child has developed four or more of these signs and symptoms:

• Extremely red eyes (conjunctivitis) without thick discharge
  
• A rash on the main part of the body (trunk) and in the genital area
  
• Red, dry, cracked lips and an extremely red, swollen tongue ("raspberry" tongue)
  
• Swollen, red skin on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
  
• Sore throat
  
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and perhaps elsewhere

Second phase

In the second phase of the disease, your child may develop:

• Peeling of the skin on the hands and feet, especially the tips of the fingers and toes, often in large sheets
  
• Joint pain
  
• Diarrhea
  
• Vomiting
  
• Abdominal pain

Third phase

In the third phase of the disease, signs and symptoms slowly go away unless complications develop.

Causes

No one knows what causes Kawasaki disease. A number of theories link the disease to bacteria, viruses, or environmental chemicals or pollutants, but none has been proved. Kawasaki disease doesn't appear to be hereditary.

When to seek medical advice

Most children with Kawasaki disease recover with no problems, with or without treatment. However, the disease can cause serious heart problems and joint damage. Treating Kawasaki disease within 10 days of its onset may greatly reduce the chances of lasting damage. It's important to contact your child's doctor if your child has signs or symptoms of this disease.

Tests and diagnosis

There's no specific test available to diagnose Kawasaki disease. Diagnosis largely is a process of ruling out diseases that cause similar signs and symptoms, including:

• Scarlet fever, which is caused by streptococcal bacteria and results in fever, rash, chills and sore throat
  
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
  
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a disorder of the mucous membranes
  
• Toxic shock syndrome
  
• Measles
  
• Cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus infection

Your doctor may conduct a physical examination and have your child undergo other tests to aid in the diagnosis. These tests may include:

• Urine tests. These tests help rule out other diseases.
  
• Blood tests. Besides helping to rule out other diseases, blood tests look at white blood cell count, which is likely to be elevated, and the presence of anemia and inflammation, indications of Kawasaki disease.
  
• Electrocardiogram. This test uses electrodes attached to the skin to measure the electrical impulses of your child's heartbeat. Kawasaki disease can cause serious complications of the heart.
  
• Echocardiogram. This test uses ultrasound images to show how well the heart is functioning and provides indirect evidence on how the coronary arteries are functioning.

Complications

Kawasaki disease is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. About one in five children with the disease develops heart problems, but fewer than half of them will have permanent damage.

Heart complications include:

• Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis)
  
• Enlargement of the heart (cardiomegaly)
  
• Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
  
• Inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis) , usually the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart

Any of these complications can cause your child's heart to malfunction. Inflammation of the coronary arteries can lead to aneurysms (weakening and bulging of the artery wall). Aneurysms increase the risk of blood clots forming and blocking the artery, which could lead to a heart attack or cause life-threatening internal bleeding.

For a small percentage of children who develop coronary artery problems, Kawasaki disease is fatal, even with treatment.

Treatments and drugs

Your doctor will want to begin initial treatment for Kawasaki disease as soon as possible after the appearance of signs and symptoms, preferably while your child still has a fever. The goals of initial treatment are to lower fever and inflammation and prevent heart damage.

To accomplish those goals, your child's doctor may recommend:

• Aspirin. High doses of aspirin can reduce the fever, rash, joint inflammation and pain and help prevent blood clots from forming.
  
• Gamma globulin. Infusion of gamma globulin (an immune protein) through a vein (intravenously) can lower the risk of coronary artery abnormalities.

Because of the risk of serious complications, initial treatment for Kawasaki disease usually is given in a hospital.

After the initial treatment

Once the fever subsides, your child may need to take low-dose aspirin for at least six to eight weeks, and longer if he or she develops a coronary artery aneurysm. Aspirin helps prevent clotting.

However, if your child develops flu or chickenpox during treatment, he or she will need to stop taking aspirin. Taking aspirin has been linked to Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious illness that can affect the blood, liver and brain of children and teenagers after a viral infection. (This is another reason to immunize your child on schedule against chickenpox.)

Without treatment, Kawasaki disease can last from two to 12 weeks. With treatment, your child may start to improve within 24 hours.

Monitoring heart problems

If your child has any indication of heart problems, your doctor may recommend follow-up tests to monitor heart health at regular intervals. If your child develops continuing heart abnormalities, your doctor may refer you to a doctor who specializes in treating heart disease in children (pediatric cardiologist) . In some cases, a child with a coronary artery aneurysm may require:

• Anticoagulant drugs. These medications, such as aspirin, warfarin and heparin, help prevent clots from forming.
  
• Coronary artery angioplasty. This procedure opens arteries that have narrowed to the point that they impede blood flow to the heart.
  
• Stent placement. This procedure involves implanting a device in the clogged artery to help prop it open and decrease the chance of re-blockage. Stent placement often accompanies angioplasty.
  
• Coronary artery bypass graft. This operation involves rerouting the blood around a diseased coronary artery by grafting a section of blood vessel from the leg, chest or arm to use as the alternate route.

Coping and support

Find out all you can about Kawasaki disease so that you can make informed choices with your child's health care team about treatment options. Keep in mind that most children with Kawasaki disease recover completely within the first six months after they begin treatment.